Blended waste oil as alternative binder for the production of e…

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The mixed waste engine and vegetable oil was used as a tile binder.

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Tile’s strength is affected by curing temperature, duration and compaction.

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The tiles produced from mixed waste oil meet all the requirements.

Excessive emission of carbon dioxide and huge consumption of energy during the production of traditional building materials is a global issue needed to be concern by the society. The carbon dioxide released from the manufacturing process are one of the main contributors which lead to the deterioration of global warming. This study focused on the feasibility of using waste oils as blended binder to produced environmental friendly roofing tiles. The blended binder composed of waste engine oil and waste vegetable oil, woks together with sand aggregate and fly ash to produce an innovative building materials, namely WEV-Roofing tiles. A series of parameters including the composition of materials and manufacturing conditions were being optimized in order to determine the best formulation in the production of WEV-Roofing tiles. Basic requirements for standard roofing tiles, including flexural strength, water absorption and permeability tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of WEV-Roofing tiles, according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C 67–07a, C 1167–03, and C 1492–03). Furthermore, the embodied carbon and embodied energy of the optimized tiles were found at 0.30 kgCO2/equivalent and 0.55 MJ/kg respectively, which is lower compared to the traditional building materials. The recycled and reused of waste materials to produce an environmental friendly roofing tiles is the main challenges of this research study.

Figure A: Production of WEV Roofing tile.

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Clay or cement is served as a binder in the production of traditional building materials. It was reported that they possessed of relatively higher embodied carbon and energy compared to green building materials (Hammond and Jones, 2011). Solely in the cement industry, a total of 5% of carbon dioxide (CO2) was emitted to our environment (International Energy Agency, 2009). CO2 is the main contributor which led to the occurrence of global warming. The excessive release of carbon dioxide during the manufacturing of Portland Cement (PC) consequently resulted in negative effect towards our earth (Mojtaba et al., 2013). To avoid the deterioration of global warming, a more environmental friendly and sustainable development should be proposed. This can be achieved by decrease the usage of cement in the production of building materials. Green technologies can be employed in the construction sector by replacing cement with alternative waste materials in the manufacturing process.

Waste engine oil is one of the most commonly waste generated from the automotive industry. Solely in United States, 7.6 Mt of waste engine oil was generated annually. The waste engine oil that had been recovered worldwide was less than 45% and the remaining 55% was thrown by the end user in the environment (Fadel and Khoury, 2003). WEO possessed of significant amount of heavy metals and hazardous components, simply disposed without a proper treatment would subsequently endangering the marine and human life (Hamad et al., 2003).

As an effort to reduce the waste oils disposal issues, many attempts were done by converting it into other useful materials. It was reported that in the present of metallic-char as catalyst in the microwave pyrolysis process, waste engine oil can be converted to pyrolysis-oil and pyrolysis-gases (Lam et al., 2015). The microwave pyrolysis process helps to crack the hydrocarbon chain of waste engine oil into C5 to C15 hydrocarbon, which possessed similar properties as gasoline and diesel (Wan Mahari et al., 2017). It was found that WEO can be used as an additive to enhance the durability of concrete (Chin et al., 2012). It should avoid the excessive addition of WEO as the compressive strength of the concrete produced would be decreased along with the amount of WEO added (HeshamDiab, 2011).

Waste vegetable oil (WVO) accumulated in the sewerage system may also result in adverse environmental impact (Beddu et al., 2015). In Malaysia, waste vegetable oil was used 2 to 3 times before being disposed and it was reported that 84% of Malaysian dumped the waste oil into dustbins, drainage system and onto the soil (Hanisah et al., 2013). Compared to clean cooking oil, waste vegetable oil possessed of higher viscosity, higher specific heat and darker in color intensity (Kulkarni and Dalai, 2006). The high free fatty acid level and high viscosity were due to degradation process (Sanli et al., 2011). The components present in the waste vegetable oil were monoglyceride, triglyceride, diglyceride and saturated fatty acids (Beddu et al., 2015). The free fatty acid present in the waste cooking oil and brown grease was between 15% and 100% (Kulkarni and Dalai, 2006). The comparison of literature reviews and the present work is stated as per Table 1.

WVO is a valuable waste materials, which can be easily converted into biodiesel production. By esterified the free fatty acids present in the WVO using mineral acid pre-treatment, followed by alkali trans-esterification process, it can be converted into biodiesel with 88% conversion efficiency (Sahar et al., 2018). It was found that when co-processing the waste plastic and used cooking oil with microwave vacuum pyrolysis process, an oil product contained C4 to C24 hydrocarbon chains can be generated, which is comparable with the commercial grade gasoline and diesel (Lam et al., 2019). Used cooking oil can be utilized as an alternative binder in the production of building materials. The production of Vegeblocks using vegetable oil with suitable selection of materials, adequate compaction and heat curing, compressive strengths exceeding 25 MPa had been achieved (Zoorob et al., 2006). Waste cooking oil can also serves as lubricant in concrete production. The concrete that contains waste cooking oil showed better mechanical properties, higher workability and reduction in interfacial transition zones and air voids size (Beddu et al., 2015).

Incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials during the production of high strength concrete able to avoid the cracks, as the present of supplementary materials able to decrease the heat release during the hydration process, whilst decrease the shrinkage of concrete. A grade 35 lightweight concrete can be produced with the consumption of palm kernel shell and the compressive strength and density are influenced by the sand content (Johnson et al., 2008). The mechanical properties such as comprehensive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete mix of M60 grade showed an improvement with substituent of cement up to 15% in high strength concretes (Swaroopa and Tejaanvesh, 2015). Fillers such as fly ash and sand affect the characteristics of the moist cured foam concrete and a greater ratio of strength to density was achieved by fly ash than sand (Kunhanandan and Ramamurthy, 2005).

The pressing issue of this study is to produce environmental friendly roofing tiles by utilizing alternative, more environmental friendly materials. WEV oil is the new type of blended oil, which can be used as alternative binder in the production of WEV roofing tiles, whilst avoid the usage of conventional binders (cement or clay) which are considered relatively environmental unfriendly. In addition, maximizing the incorporation of waste materials in the production of building materials seem to be a good approach to decrease the disposal of waste materials into the landfill. Several objectives are enumerated to be achieved at the end of this study which are as follow:

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To utilize blended binder (waste engine oil and waste vegetable oil) in the production of roofing tiles.

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To optimize the tile compositions and manufacturing process and optimizing the amount and ratio of WEV oil.

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To calculate and compare the total embodied carbon and embodied energy of optimized WEV roofing tiles produced with the commercialized products.

The materials used to produce the roofing tiles are waste engine-vegetable (WEV) oil, pulverized fly ash, river sand and sulphuric acid.

This section focused on addressing the Objectives 1 and 2 in this research study, in which the feasibility of blended waste oil to be used as the alternative binder in the production of roofing tiles were being investigated. The optimization process was carried out to optimize the composition of tiles, as well as the manufacturing process of roofing tiles. The waste engine oil and waste vegetable oil with a ratio of 1:4 were mixed with a rotary shaker at 250 rpm for 20 min. The ratio was

The characterization of the WEV oil had been carried out via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectrum of WEV oil with the ratio 1:4 has functional groups at bands 3474 cm−1, 3005 cm−1 and 2924 cm−1 (O–H stretch), 2681 cm−1 and 2854 cm−1(C–H stretching), 1747 cm−1 (CO stretch), 1400 and 1419 cm−1(O–H bend), 1237 cm−1(C–O stretch) and 1163 cm−1 (stretching vibration of the C–O ester group) as per Fig. 2. The ratio was selected due to the strong presence of carbonyl group

The main challenge of this research study is to determine the suitability of the WEV oil to be used as binder in the production of roofing tiles. The relationship between both types of waste oils need to be study, to determine their contribution towards the binding effects within the building materials. Although the WEV-Roofing tiles produced are able to achieve the minimum requirements of the ASTM standards, there is always more rooms for improvements. Further investigations are required for

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing alternative blended binder, which is a combination of waste engine oil and waste vegetable oil as in the production of roofing tiles. The WEV-Roofing tiles produced from this research study possessed of flexural strength up to 6.38 MPa, low water absorption percentage of 5.2%, and impermeable to water molecules, fulfilled the basic requirements of roofing tiles as per ASTM standards. By utilizing waste materials, such as WVO and WEO in the

We would like to extend our gratitude to Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia for the FRGS fund with project No. FRGS/1/2015/TK06/UTAR/02/1 and Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman for UTAR RESEARCH FUND with project No. IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2015-C1/N02.

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Utilizing cellulose nanofibers to enhance spent engine oil performance: A sustainable environmental solution2024, Results in Engineering

Sustainable production of eco-friendly roofing tile using methyl ester residue as the alternative binder – A preliminary study2024, Construction and Building Materials

Bio and waste-based binders with hybrid rubberized-thermoplastic characteristics for roofing2024, Polymer Testing

Recycling used engine oil in concrete: Fire performance evaluation2023, Journal of Building EngineeringCitation Excerpt :

A huge amount of UEO is produced by the periodic maintenance of engines in vehicles and industrial equipment [1–3]. Globally, approximately 40 million tonnes of UEO are generated annually [4,5]. Currently, there are two options for repurposing this large quantity of UEO, namely (1) re-refining to produce lubricating base oils and (2) burning as fuel [6].

Recycling used engine oil in concrete design mix: An ecofriendly and feasible solution2021, Journal of Cleaner ProductionCitation Excerpt :

However, these two solutions require high operation costs and cause high-level carbon dioxide emissions, since they utilize a considerable quantity of power-consuming equipment. To avoid these high costs, it has been reported that approximately 55% of worldwide UEO is directly dumped into landfills or waterways (Sam et al., 2020), as this method treats UEO as a type of municipal solid waste and the processing cost is relatively low. Despite its low cost, landfilling aggravates groundwater and land contamination, and hence it is now forbidden in many countries.

Chemical investigation and process optimization of glycerine pitch in the green production of roofing tiles2021, Journal of Building EngineeringCitation Excerpt :

Consequently, the recycling of waste and implementing it in building materials will yield significant benefits to the construction industry in the economic, technical, and environmental aspects. In the previous studies, experimental works have shown that used cooking oil, waste engine oil, and blended waste oil can be used as an alternative binder for the production of roofing tiles [25–27]. Different from the cementitious binder, the binding mechanism of the waste oils is expected being an encapsulation process [28].

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