Over the years, political development has influenced various aspects in society affecting social, economical and religion. As such the establishment of political ideologies has been identified to influence how people think, act or conceptualize information. Political ideologies have been identified to sway people’s thinking, actions, way of life, and establishment institutions. In current politics, political ideologies are considered influential in policy and decision making which are enacted by people in power. The discussion explores political development in today’s society focusing on political ideologies and power, imperialism and decolonization, nationalism and the role of religion in society.

Political ideology is a particular defined arrangement of symbols, myths, doctrines, principles, and ethical ideals of a group, class, institution, or social movement. The ideology demonstrates how society works, offering cultural and political frameworks for a specific social order. For instance, political ideologies in the United States illustrate several ideologies and ideological demographics. In particular, citizens are divided generally by their political perspectives, either conservative, progressive, moderate, or liberal. Liberalism focuses on the extension and preservation of social, human, and civil rights and oversights the government's provision of rights.

Power influences by political ideologies. As such, political ideologies are formed by influential people in power. People have different perceptions regarding social justice, equality, and freedom. People with power, therefore, classify people according to their perspectives and opinions. Mostly, people use power to influence people’s ideologies, perceptions, and ideals. For instance, the Black Lives Matter Movement has been influenced particularly by people in power to fight for black people's rights in the United States, among other parts of the world. The aspect of supporting the rights and freedom of black people was initiated by Martin Luther King Jnr in 1955 while fighting for black people's civil rights. Today, the movement is supported by influential people in power, ranging from celebrities, politicians, authors, and the media. Therefore, power plays an essential role in the formation and expansion of political ideologies.

Imperialism has been identified as the policy of conquest in a global capitalized world. The policy was achieved through the expansion of territories, imposing ideologies, and conquering new states. Imperialism was a political ideology that aimed at extending the authority or rule of people or states over other people or states. The action occurs through attaining economic and political control or military conquest. Historically, imperialism was a way of gaining land, European countries' competition, boosting national pride, winning colonies, and the desire for nations to attain and maintain power. However, imperialists are known to gain or seize power to dominate while the European settlers traveled for adventure, exploration, or religious interests. Today, imperialism has been linked to the establishment of metropolis empires in demand for job opportunities, markets, resources, and wealth. The current imperialism perspective has shifted to an extended version of capitalism, where military and political elites have created economic, military, and political empires. 

However, decolonization is the achievement of independence from colonial masters or attainment of self-rule. Over the years, nations have struggled to liberate themselves from European and colonial rule. The constant resistance to attain colonial freedom and independence from external or European influence has been recognized as decolonization. Decolonization policies focused on creating dependency without European influence in economic, political, and social spheres. 

Nationalism is recognized as one influential ideology over the years. As an ideology, nationalism has proved to serve particular political interests both locally and internationally. There exist three forms of nationalism, which are radical, reactionary, and liberal nationalism. As such, nationalism has been described as emphases on allegiance to an individual’s nation being a fundamental aspect of self-preservation, national preservation as essential political imperatives. Globally, nationalism in various forms remains a substantially powerful force in popular mobilization. Nationalism is an imported European concept that supersedes an individual’s state of being patriotic.

Further, nationalism is recognized as a political doctrine shared by a group of people identifying the state as a fundamental political organization unit. A nationalist aspect is what people hold as features of nationality that make them identify politically, economically, and culturally. Tenets of nationalism are viewed as related to national groupings' efforts to attain independence by eliminating other dominant nation-states. Nationalism was developed as a concept related to the struggle for freedom and fight against colonialism. As an ideology, it signifies sympathy or loyalty that holds a group together through shared culture and institutions, creating unity. Various elements should be present for nationalism to exist, including common geographical location, history, traditions, religion, language, and race.

Over the years, nationalism has been utilized to protect people of a certain group or state against external threats in preserving their shared heritage. 

Over the decades, religion is identified as a fundamental aspect of human culture and society since human civilization began. Despite ancestral beliefs, the emergence of religion remains uncertain. Anthropologists believe that great world religions originated from revitalization and enlightenment movements in communities that attempted to understand or overcome challenges. The definition and role of religion in society have a diverse perspective held by different individuals influencing daily lives. Due to advocate for freedom of religion by most countries, people embrace or practice various doctrines of their choice. According to Durkheim, in society, religion is known to have three significant functions: offering purpose and meaning in answering the existential phenomenon. Social control in enforcing religious-based norms and morals to assist in maintain control and conformity. Providing social cohesion to help in the maintenance of social solidarity by sharing beliefs and rituals. 

The people have held religion to express their social cohesion in solving complex problems for modern society. As such religion, enables people to understand their connection to a supernatural being. Religion expresses individual, collective consciousness that fuses consciousness in understanding reality. Despite the criticism offered on religion for exploiting its masses in various ways, it proves to be the fabric that holds society together. 

In conclusion, political ideologies have proved to hold various aspects of society that originated in the past. Over time ideologies, have emerged to influence how things are done in society by people in power. Imperialism and decolonization were ideologies implemented by dominant powers such as the European states on weak states for exploitation and control. Due to imperialism and decolonization, the element of nationalism aimed at protecting and resisting European influence. Religion has emerged to bring cohesion, express individual consciousness, and connect to supernatural and supreme beings in society. Religion has emerged as an ideology so powerful in controlling the behavior and actions of people in society. 

References

 

A new revolution in art was experienced in the 20th Century with the rise of surrealism.  Surrealism is a discipline of art mainly aimed at exploring human psychology with nonsensical ideas, bizarre and irrational ideas, and images. These images and ideas produced by this discipline of art are mainly associated with subconscious experiences. Surrealism defines a movement in visual art and literature that came into existence between World War 1 and World War 2 (Rosenbaum, 2012). Surrealism grew from the former movement known as the Dada movement, which existed before World War I. According to the Surrealistic Manifesto, surrealism was a means of creating a reunion between the conscious and unconscious environments of experience in a complete way. The world of dream and fantasy would be joined with the rational world in an absolute reality. The paper focuses on discussing different surrealists and the works contributing to the movement.

            Salvador Dali, a Spanish surrealist produced The Persistence of Memory

 artwork in 1931. He was majorly influenced by impressionism and started to move closer to surrealism in 1920. He joined the surrealism movement in 1929 and became one of its great leaders. His artwork mainly comprised of paintings, graphic arts, film, photography, and sculpture.  The image was produced during a time at which the majority of surrealists pursued autonomism and self-consciousness. The artwork presents a bizarre idea that is evocative of a dream. The artwork consists of melting rocks which other surrealists referred to as soft rocks, which appear to have lost their integrity. The artwork by Salvador Dali indicates the effects of scientific development during the artist’s time. It marks a time in history where major scientific developments and innovations were witnessed in Europe (Rosenbaum, 2012). The melting rocks found in the artwork works as a representation of Einstein’s theory of Relativity, in which the scientist based his references on the distortion of space and time. The cliffs in the image's background present Dali's hometown, while the clocks imply that time is omnipresent.

            The artwork is a painting that Kay Sage, American artist who lived between 1898 and 1963, created in 1944. She was one of the major female surrealists during the 20th Century. Her career in artwork bloomed between the years 1936 and 1963. She was a member of the Golden Age and Postwar periods of surrealism. The artwork is a geometric landscape characterized by a tall cloaked guardian in the foreground. The image is produced by Sage as if the cloaked worn by the human figure is being swayed by the wind. The artwork is considered outstanding as it is a complete contrast with the extreme stillness witnessed in the landscape. The painting was produced during World War 2. This time in history is majorly characterized by the whole of Europe being at war and different countries forming allies.

The major message intended by the artist is war and its effects. As well known, the aftermath of any war is always disastrous, and no one ever wishes to be engaged in a war. The guardian with a human figure represents a leader presiding over land which had been inhabited (Rosenbaum, 2012). Many scholars have interpreted this guardian to be the victorious Greek Statue Nike of Samothrace. The image presents a sign of defeat as war raged throughout Europe. This is presented by the three cities being empty with no inhabitance. The guardian in this image bear witness to the effects of the war and lives to tell the story.

Rosenbaum, S. (2012). Exquisite Corpse: Surrealist Influence on the American Poetry Scene, 1920-1960. The Oxford Handbook of Modern and Contemporary American Poetry, 268.

The article presents the debate on popular music, which has instigated the creation of popular culture. The article argues popular music constitutes what consumers want and would love to hear. The article also explores this issue based on gender and popular culture, inquiring whether producers and listeners consent or disagree concerning the valuable artistic representations. The debate is tied to female music artists and listeners. Further discussions included suggestions on why certain gendered formations transpire in popular culture consumption and production.

The source is important since it shows a stereotypical issue of women and their music and their contribution to popular culture.

One of the weaknesses of this source is that it focuses on the female gender alone. On the other hand, music is a popular issue, and it has been discussed in this article.

The article examines women who have been involved in left-wing and liberal pressures activities. It presents notable individuals who participated in the activism. Also, it highlights the evaluation of associations between white women and black men in running the debate along the racial lines. The article also displays the imperial and race politics that are centered on gender.

The source is important since it depicts the racial politics that have taken center stage in describing. It presents a different issue of activism and how they can be interpreted in redefining populist issues related to gender.

The source presents a one-sided approach and does not of evaluation. On the other hand, this source displays a unique popular issue embedded in politics and race.

The source describes the efforts made by the United States on eradicating and reducing the abuse of narcotics among communities of color. The media has proposed gentle approaches to dealing with the menace, while some have suggested a critical view of looking into the matter. White women have been involved in this fight since they were given roles are prosecutors and investigators.

The source is important since it shows that women had significant roles in helping the United States deal with the narcotics problem.

Significant approaches to dealing with the problem have been applied and proposed, which is a positive thing. On the other hand, targeting communities of color can depict racism and discrimination.

The article provides a scholarly assessment of gender and culture. Various factors contribute to the differences between gender and culture and are persistent over a certain timeframe. It raises discussion that gender differences that bring various outcomes can reflect fundamental cultural principles and values. Some of the factors evaluated are development, female education, discrimination, and extension of the service sector.

This source is important since it assesses various literature and collects various ideas to form the findings of this article.

One of the weaknesses of this article is that it does not showcase the generic issues associated with culture and gender. One of the strengths of this article is that it utilizes a wide range of literature.

The article presents the conception of transgender identity as authentic and tangible through corporeal alterations. The article also debates that cultural pre-eminence through its convergence with wider media and commercial zeitgeist, where corporeal alteration and sustenance are thought of as significant ways of accessing the authenticity of an individual. The article describes the role of the media in representing the transgender issue.

The source is important since it raises a debate on the issue of gender and popular culture. The debate can provide a wider approach to evaluating the hypothesis since both opposing and proposing views are presented.

One weakness of this article is that it has been narrowed to media practices. However, the article is stronger in articulating the ideologies and issues presented.

The Nitrogen Crisis has emerged as a critical issue due to its impact on the ecological system. In the Netherlands, various sectors of the economy have been linked with significantly contributing to the nitrogen crisis, such as construction agriculture, among others (BBC, 2019). As such, the agriculture sector-specific to livestock production is significantly linked with high levels of nitrogen production. Animal urine and manure produce ammonia vapors which react to form aerosols, causing soil acidity, foliage damage, and smog. According to Stokstad (2019), farms in the Netherlands have four times more animal biomass per hectare compared to the EU average. However, the government has implemented policies such as installing scrubbers in poultry and pig facilities to reduce the emission of ammonia o 60%. Stokstad (2019) highlights that since 2014, ammonia emissions have increased due to expanding dairy operations, constituting more than half of the nitrogen produced in the Netherlands. The permit system is projected or only solves a portion since it lacks sustainable mechanisms. In particular, the permit system will allow farmers to continue producing increasing nitrogen emissions in the long run (BBC, 2019). Despite implementing policies such as carbon pricing, the impacts on the ecosystem will continue to be dire. Perry (2010) suggests applying Noah’s approach in preserving only what can be preserved with the resources available to reduce the emissions.  The write-up offers alternative solutions to the permit system as solutions and strategies to reduce the increasing nitrogen emissions in the Netherlands by the agricultural sector.

The nitrogen crisis solution should assume an economic perspective in determining the most effective approach. According to Perry (2010), using the Noah Ark problem, an economic approach should be applied to endangered species conservation in constructing biodiversity through the establishment of direct economic values. The nitrogen crisis is a challenge facing conservation decision-makers who have limited resources. Therefore, Perry (2010) argues that the Netherlands should focus on preserving specific species in the population with limited economic resources. The permit system can be applied in curbing the nitrogen crisis; however, it must observe economic considerations. The ‘Noah Principle’ rejects saving all species with constrained economic resources. Noah only chooses specific animals to put in the art, which the Netherlands should apply in deciding on which species to preserve. Some animals could be eliminated to save others and restore the ecological system. Considering which animals to preserve, the conservation decision-maker should apply Noah’s approach and economic aspects. For animals that negatively affect the ecosystem, they should be the first to be eliminated.

Further, the nitrogen crisis has been identified to have various causes that the conservation decision-maker should prioritize. According to Perry (2010), Noah selected species based on their charisma and taxonomic differences for species that could be easily saved using available economic approach models. Therefore, for the permit system to be effective, it must adhere to the economic models to determine the most effective efforts for the nitrogen crisis. The permit system also appears to give people the liberty to destroy the environment since they are paying for its restoration. The effectiveness of the permit system will be dependent on various factors such as creating awareness of the impacts of the system, people’s attitudes towards the permit system.

As global pollution continues presenting a threat to life on earth, efforts have been in place to combat carbon emissions and pollution from other greenhouse gases such as nitrogen. Piketty & Chancel (2015) reviewed environmental efforts for CO2 emissions chronologically from 1998 to 2013. The review assesses individual nations' response to climate change and the overall efforts by the high world emitters. The review shows that individual countries have made significant progress in reducing their emissions. However, a nation would require substantial financing to impact global climate adaptation and sometimes governments would need to collaborate in this effort. Notably, a nation can address pollution efficiently through equitable adaptations and neutral criteria to its economic means and way of life. In a way, Dutch people would benefit from redistributing wealth to accommodate those barred by policy to practice agriculture (Fraters et al., 2020).

Further, the Dutch government still struggles to curb nitrogen levels enforced by drought seasons during which less nitrogen is broken down or absorbed by plants. At best, the government attains its goals through collaboration with farmers to use fewer fertilizers. Animal wastes present a unique problem, though, and the Dutch population depends on its produce. Through the lens of environmentalists, the Dutch government requires a sophisticated intervention plan that should include outsourcing more foods from nations that can produce in surplus.

Hardin proposed a scenario called the Tragedy of the Commons, which predicts that inevitably, a population will grow too big and continually overexploit and degrade natural resources for sustenance. At the time, the prediction was fairly ambiguous, but cases similar to the Netherlands have emerged speaking truth to the prediction. Currently, the Netherlands struggles to create a sustainable model of agriculture in which everyone would stay fed and yet utilize natural resources sustainably (BBC, 2019). By definition, common-property resources encompass resources such as fisheries, wildlife, forests, groundwater and soil. The distinct characteristic common property resources include excludability and subtractibility. Excludability has to do with control of access which may be costly and sometimes virtually impossible. With the Netherlands, the problem presents a global atmosphere and proves quite problematic to control (BBC, 2019). The characteristic of subtractability entails the ability of some people to take away from the welfare of other users. The Dutch farmers feel appealed for being blamed for the agricultural emission of nitrogen and call upon collective efforts to manage other emissions such as air travel and motorcycle competitions. Feeny, Berkes, McCay & Acheson (1990) proposed that evidence indicated multiple viable management options for resources, including private, state, and communal property. Feeny et al. (1990) proposed creating a complete theory that would incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors in a way that provides for better analysis and prediction. The specificity still lacks and is partly responsible for the continued Nitrogen crisis for Dutch farmers.

Nitrogen emission presents a higher risk than Carbon emissions. In general, human activities have played a significant role in climate change, and both present a threat to marine biodiversity on a global scale. Some species and taxonomies are gone extinct, and some live under the threat of extinction. According to O’Hara, Frazier, & Halpern, (2021), a completed mapping for the spatial distribution of 14 anthropogenic stressors between 2003 and 2013 in ranges of 1271 at-risk marine species. The mapping showed that, on averagely, 57% of species are subject to potential impacts, with the footprint expanding with time while the impacts intensify across 37% of species ranges. Climate stressors expanded and intensified impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. Species that survive the current marine ecosystem do so through human intervention to protect endangered marine life. Despite significant efforts to cut down nitrogenous pollution, the Dutch government acknowledges that current pollutants still originate from farming, an industry that contributes about half of the total population. According to O’Hara, Frazier, & Halpern, (2021), current government goals are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% at the levels of the 1990s, and progress has been made with up to 15% reductions, mostly in nitrogen levels.

Stern & Stiglitz (2017) argue that the issue of climate change has emerged as a fundamental and urgent challenge to be addressed immediately. As such, strategies should be developed and implemented focusing on emission reduction in ways that will not further negatively affect the environment. Climate change policies should be developed addressed in line with poverty reduction programs, development and growth. According to Stern & Stiglitz (2017), the Netherlands should transform to a low-carbon economy as potentially sustainable growth, attractive and powerful strategy to create stronger ecosystems, stable agricultural sector, eco-friendly cities, technological innovations and higher resilience. To achieve this, Stern & Stiglitz (2017) propose the implementation of a cap-and-trade or carbon tax system in the achievement of the Paris agreement. The system should act as a permit that will allow stakeholders in various sectors to contribute to reducing nitrogen emissions. In particular, according to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, compensation should be applied for a price of a unit of Green House Gases Emissions. Some of the activities that can be implemented to complement carbon pricing include reducing fossil fuels subsidies, internal pricing and shadow pricing. The Netherlands could improve the effectiveness of carbon pricing by establishing a stable regulatory framework, building institutional and technical capacity, and offering an enabling environment.

The argument advanced in this paper is that a permit system does not offer any substantial solution to the nitrogen crisis in the Netherlands. This argument advanced by Maestre-Andrés, Drews, & van den Bergh (2019) elaborates the role of carbon pricing and its public perception as a measure to combat carbon emissions. In carbon taxes, productions that emit more carbon are taxed higher, increasing product costs. In turn, the high costs of goods reduce their consumption and eventually diminish their production. A similar management pattern would sound better informed in controlling nitrogen, but its implementation proves problematic. For the most part, agriculture for the Dutch people is a way of life and an economic resource. Agriculture proves problematic because of the country's population density, with 488 persons in a square kilometer. Higher taxes and pricing strategies would prove ineffective because agriculture is the vital element of the country’s survival.

To some extent, it is paramount to protect the agriculture system and ensure food security for the nation. Permit systems prove highly ineffective because they give way to only environmental sustainability with starvation or continued pollution with food security (Fraters, et al., 2021). Mastre-Andres et al. (2019) argue that research often fails to account for the public’s preference to uphold a taxation system. The preferred solution for the question posed is drawn from Mastre-Andres et al. (2019), whose research proposes efforts to increase policy acceptability and combine revenue redistribution to vulnerable groups with funding environmental projects. Differential strategies like this one will enhance public acceptance and corporation, improving effectiveness.

The economic perspective of environmental use and degradation typically exploit interesting conceptualizations. Combes, Combes-Motel, & Schwartz (2016) advance the common good concept earlier proposed by Hardin (1968). Combes et al. (2016) elaborate that game theory would offer a solution for the case of the Nitrogen crisis proposing that cooperation can emerge spontaneously and, as such, prevent impending tragedy. In alternate cases, solutions such as state and market-based interventions can take ground. Combes et al. (2016) explore conflicts along with climate change, deforestation, urban congestion and fiscal deficit. The nitrogen crisis is in climate change and qualifies to be a negative externality that corresponds to market failings. However, the global concern is that the emission of nitrogenous wastes into the atmosphere affects Dutch people extensively. Combes et al. (2016) note that state interventions effectively manage crises and may entail regulatory approaches, fiscal rules, and economic instruments. The multifaceted intervention strategies offer potential solutions for curbing the nitrogen crisis at environmental and cultural levels. Overall, the research proposes a hybrid of solutions to allocate ownership rights, institutional agreement and environmental focus into a system that addresses the human problem and simultaneously reduces the ecological footprint of human activity.

Kellert, Mehta, Ebbin, Lichtenfeld (2000) emphasizes resource management to end the various environmental crises. With regard to Noah’s principle on only taking what can be accommodated with the available resources, resource management emerges as a critical aspect in solving the current crisis. As such, the government should focus on the desire to incorporate socio-economic development goals with environmental conservation and protection. One of the significant challenges with the permit system is it does not regard the preservation of natural resources, which poses a threat to the environment. Further, the permit system will allow farmers to increase production despite hurting the ecosystem since they can pay their taxes. Therefore, natural resource conservations emerge as a top priority, as Kellert et al. (2000) highlighted. The approach emerges as a sustainable process in conserving the environment and allowing the production of enough for the population. Still, destruction of the ecosystem through increased production will create a more dire crisis since when the environment is damaged, it could fail to support the least production. Increased nitrogen emission could result in a loss in biodiversity, water pollution, and severe land degradation. Applying a resource management approach will assist in reducing nitrogen emissions and support agriculture enough to substitute for the population (Fraters, et al., 2021). Considering Noah’s principle only to accommodate species the ecosystem can adapt is a way of utilizing natural resources to prevent exploitation or depletion.

The greatest challenge with ecosystem management programs is the high cost of restoring natural services. According to Salzman, Bennett, Carroll, Goldstein & Jenkins (2018), Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) globally has included 550 programs that run on an estimated budget of $360-42 billion annually. The cost is high and requires various procedures to become effective. However, the programs are not 100% effective since most use chemicals and technology that continue to destroy the ecosystem. The programs have challenging operations in the long run-in terms of cost and expertise, leading to commercialization by exploiting people and the environment. For instance, instream water and quality trading are restricted within geographical reach (Fraters, et al., 2021). The approach emerges as a challenge for countries with limited economic ability.

Further, some damages are irreversible, such as deforestation or could take longer to be accomplished. Despite the availability of funds for restoration, some programs take up a long time to become ineffective (Fraters, et al., 2021). The projects or programs become established in the long run when more damage is already done, creating a vicious cycle. Therefore, it will become challenging to attain a considerable ecosystem restoration if permit systems are accepted. Governments should limit the emissions through resource management and only allow farmers and producers to keep what is sustainable to the environment. Conclusion

The efforts to manage environmental pollution from agriculture are visible from the Dutch government. However, the nitrogen crisis has negatively affected farmers. The liberal MP Tjeerd de Groot noted that farmers' current action is to give up more than six million pigs and 50 million chickens. The minister of agriculture, in retaliation, notes the economic impact that would result if such demands were met and raise a crucial concern of the economic and cultural aspect of the Dutch people. The agriculture minister notes that farmers are a crucial part of the natural and economic systems of the nation. Instead, the minister redirects attention to the reopened Zandvoort Formula One Motor races. These two arguments represent the arguments advanced in the literature review and analysis sections. The concept of the theory of the commons resurfaces to show the environmental degradation a society continues to do. The ideal solution needs more research and investment. It entails the government committing to recreate a sustainable ecosystem where environmental needs are protected and human needs are met with minimal exploitation and ecological conflicts. For sure, policy administration is a crucial part of this process, and it needs to be incorporated into the more sophisticated and multi-phased solution system.

BBC. (2019). Dutch tractor protest sparks 'worst rush hour'. BBC News. Retrieved 25 February 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49891449.

Combes, J. L., Combes-Motel, P., & Schwartz, S. (2016). “A review of the economic theory of the commons”. Revue d’economie du developpement, 24(3), 55-83.

Feeny, D., Berkes, F., McCay, B. J., & Acheson, J. M. (1990). The tragedy of the commons: twenty-two years later. Human ecology, 18(1), 1-19.

Fraters, B., Hooijboer, A. E. J., Vrijhoef, A., Claessens, J., Kotte, M. C., Rijs, G. B. J., ... & Bosma, J. N. (2021). Agricultural practice and waterquality in the Netherlands: status (2012-2014) and trend (1992-2014): Monitoring results for Nitrates Directive reporting.

Kellert, S. R., Mehta, J. N., Ebbin, S. A., & Lichtenfeld, L. L. (2000). Community natural resource management: promise, rhetoric, and reality. Society & Natural Resources, 13(8), 705-715. • Hickel, J., & Kallis, G. (2020). Is green growth possible?. New political economy, 25(4), 469-486.

Maestre-Andrés, S., Drews, S., & van den Bergh, J. (2019). Perceived fairness and public acceptability of carbon pricing: a review of the literature. Climate Policy, 19(9), 1186-1204.

O’Hara, C. C., Frazier, M., & Halpern, B. S. (2021). At-risk marine biodiversity faces extensive, expanding, and intensifying human impacts. Science, 372(6537), 84-87.

Perry, N. (2010). The ecological importance of species and the Noah's Ark problem. Ecological Economics, 69(3), 478-485.

Piketty, T., & Chancel, L. (2015). Carbon and inequality: from Kyoto to Paris. Trends in the Global Inequality of Carbon Emissions (1998-2013) and Prospects for An Equitable Adaptation Fund. Paris: Paris School of Economics.

Salzman, J., Bennett, G., Carroll, N., Goldstein, A., & Jenkins, M. (2018). The global status and trends of Payments for Ecosystem Services. Nature Sustainability, 1(3), 136-144. • Hallegatte, S. (2016). Shock waves: managing the impacts of climate change on poverty. World Bank Publications. (only the overview – until page 26).

Stern, N., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). Report of the high-level commission on carbon prices. World Bank Publications.

Stokstad, E. (2019). Nitrogen crisis from jam-packed livestock operations has ‘paralyzed' Dutch economy. Science.org. Retrieved 25 February 2022, from https://www.science.org/news/2019/12/nitrogen-crisis-jam-packed-livestock-operations-has-paralyzed-dutch-economy.