An octopus can also change its skin color, brightness, contrast, and pattern within 200
milliseconds. Chromatophores, color-changing cells just below the skin’s surface, are what allow these illusions. Each of these cells includes a stretchy sac filled with pigment. The pigment sack is pulled wider as the muscles tighten, allowing more pigment to be visible on the octopus’ skin. The pigment sac will shrink back to its original size when the muscles relax.