Data Collection and Processing: Hourly air temperature data over 18 years from 8 sites around Sydney was collected, with quality control measures applied to ensure data integrity.

Temporal UHI Variations Analysis: Investigated diurnal, monthly, seasonal, and annual variations of UHI intensity using the difference in temperature between urban areas and a suburban/rural reference location.

LSTM Model Development: Two types of LSTM models were developed; one using ambient temperature (LSTMT) and the other incorporating both air temperature and wind speed (LSTMW), to forecast UHI intensity.

Model Settings and Performance Validation: Model parameters were optimized through trial and error, and performance was validated using statistical metrics such as RMSE, MAE, and R^2.

Analysis of Results: The UHI trends and patterns were analyzed, including the impact of diurnal and seasonal changes, and spatial distribution across the different monitoring stations.