The modern cloud-native approach is **Routing to the Host with BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)** using lightweight routing daemons like **BIRD**: • Dual BGP Peering per Host: Every physical server establishes active BGP peering sessions with both Top-of-Rack (ToR) switches over point-to-point links. • Sub-Second BFD Failover: Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) continuously tests link integrity with millisecond-level keepalives. If a switch or optic drops, routes converge in under 50 milliseconds—completely transparent to application connections. • Host-Level Anycast & /32 Route Announcements: Services announce their own IP addresses as /32 host routes via BGP. If a service migrates or an ingress proxy crashes, the route is withdrawn instantly from the datacenter routing table. • Active-Active ECMP Throughput: Outgoing traffic is load-balanced simultaneously across both upstream switches, doubling available network throughput with zero link waste.