Indexing: Database administrators identify and create appropriate indexes on tables to speed up data retrieval. They regularly review and maintain indexes to ensure optimal performance.

Query Optimization: Optimizing database queries involves analyzing SQL queries and making improvements, such as rewriting queries, using proper joins, and ensuring efficient data retrieval.

Data Normalization: Administrators assess the database schema and normalize data to eliminate redundancy, reducing storage requirements and improving data integrity.

Data Archiving: Old or infrequently accessed data can be archived or moved to a separate storage system, reducing the load on the production database.

Data Compression: Administrators can employ data compression techniques to reduce the storage space required by the database, which can lead to faster data retrieval.

Partitioning: Large tables can be partitioned into smaller, more manageable pieces, which can improve query performance and maintenance.

Caching: Utilizing caching mechanisms can reduce the load on the database server by storing frequently accessed data in memory for faster retrieval.

Concurrency Control: Optimizing the management of concurrent database access, through techniques such as locking and transactions, to maintain data consistency and performance.

Server Configuration: Database administrators fine-tune server parameters, such as memory allocation, buffer pool size, and CPU settings, to optimize performance.

Monitoring and Profiling: Regularly monitoring the database system's performance and profiling queries to identify performance bottlenecks and areas in need of improvement.

Query Performance Analysis: Administrators analyze query execution plans to identify and address suboptimal query performance, optimizing indexing and table design as necessary.

Hardware and Storage Optimization: Tuning and upgrading hardware components, such as storage devices, can significantly impact database performance.

Concurrency Management: Managing and fine-tuning the level of concurrent connections and transactions to ensure optimal performance while preventing contention and deadlock issues.

Database Software Updates: Keeping the database management system (DBMS) software up to date and applying patches and updates to benefit from performance improvements and bug fixes.

Database Design Review: Regularly reviewing the database schema and design to ensure it's optimized for the application's specific requirements.

Backup and Restore Optimization: Optimizing the backup and restore processes to minimize downtime and resource usage.

Query and Data Caching: Implementing caching mechanisms, both on the application and database side, to reduce query load and improve response times.

High Availability and Failover Planning: Configuring high-availability solutions and failover mechanisms to ensure database uptime in the event of hardware or software failures.