ARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator Development by rushi keshARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator Development by rushi kesh

ARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator Development

rushi kesh

Completed work

Software Engineer

Linux

Electronics

ARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator

A custom memory allocator implementation for ARM64 bare-metal systems, featuring a minimal operating system kernel with UART communication and interactive shell.

Overview

This project implements a complete bare-metal system that includes:

Custom Memory Allocator: A heap-based memory management system with block splitting and coalescing

ARM64 Kernel: Minimal kernel that boots on ARM64 hardware/emulation

UART Communication: Serial communication for input/output

Interactive Shell: Command-line interface for testing the allocator

Linker Script: Custom memory layout for bare-metal execution

Features

Memory Allocator

Dynamic allocation: malloc-like functionality with my_malloc()

Memory deallocation: free-like functionality with my_free()

Block splitting: Efficiently splits large blocks when allocating smaller sizes

Block coalescing: Merges adjacent free blocks to prevent fragmentation

Alignment: All allocations are aligned to 8-byte boundaries

Debug information: Real-time memory statistics and block visualization

System Features

Bare-metal kernel: No operating system dependencies

UART I/O: Full serial communication stack

Interactive shell: Real-time testing environment

Memory safety: Double-free detection and error handling

Project Structure

my_allocator/
├── allocator.c      # Memory allocator implementation
├── allocator.h      # Allocator header and interface
├── boot.S          # ARM64 assembly boot code
├── kernel.c        # Main kernel and shell implementation
├── uart.c          # UART driver implementation
├── uart.h          # UART driver header
├── linker.ld       # Linker script for memory layout
├── Makefile        # Build configuration
└── README.md       # This file

Prerequisites

macOS

# Install ARM64 cross-compilation toolchain
brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded

# Install QEMU emulator
brew install qemu

Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)

# Install ARM64 cross-compilation toolchain
sudo apt-get install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu

# Install QEMU
sudo apt-get install qemu-system-arm

Building and Running

Build the Kernel

# Clean previous builds
make clean

# Compile the kernel
make

# This creates kernel8.img - the bootable kernel image

Run in QEMU

# Run the kernel in ARM64 emulation
make run

# Alternative: Run QEMU directly
qemu-system-aarch64 -M virt -cpu cortex-a53 -nographic -kernel kernel8.img

Exit QEMU

To exit the emulator, press: Ctrl+A then X

Usage

Once the kernel boots, you'll see:

===================================
ARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator
===================================

Memory allocator initialized
Heap start: 0x40081000
Heap end: 0x40181000
Total heap size: 1048552 bytes

Shell ready. Available commands:
  alloc <size> - Allocate memory of <size> bytes
  free <addr> - Free memory at address <addr>
  info - Display memory allocator information
  help - Display this help message

>

Available Commands

alloc <size>

Allocates memory of the specified size in bytes.

> alloc 100
Allocated 100 bytes at address: 0x40081018

free <address>

Frees memory at the specified hexadecimal address.

> free 0x40081018
Memory freed at address: 0x40081018

info

Displays detailed memory allocator statistics and block information.

> info
Memory Allocator Info:
  Total heap size: 1048552 bytes
  Total allocated: 100 bytes
  Total free: 1048452 bytes
Memory blocks:
  Block 0: Address=0x40081000, Size=100, Status=USED
  Block 1: Address=0x40081080, Size=1048452, Status=FREE

help

Shows all available commands and their usage.

Memory Management Details

Allocation Algorithm

Size Alignment: All allocations are aligned to 8-byte boundaries

First Fit: Searches for the first free block large enough

Block Splitting: Splits blocks when they're significantly larger than needed

Metadata: Each allocated block has a header containing size and status information

Deallocation Algorithm

Validation: Checks for double-free attempts

Status Update: Marks block as free and updates statistics

Coalescing: Merges with adjacent free blocks to reduce fragmentation

Memory Layout

Heap Memory Layout:
[Block Header][User Data][Block Header][User Data]...

Block Header Structure:
- size: Size of the user data area
- is_free: 1 if free, 0 if allocated
- next: Pointer to next block

Technical Details

Architecture

Target: ARM64 (AArch64) Cortex-A53

Memory Model: 1MB heap starting at 0x40081000

Alignment: 8-byte alignment for all allocations

Endianness: Little-endian

Compilation Flags

-ffreestanding: Bare-metal compilation

-nostdinc -nostdlib -nostartfiles: No standard library dependencies

-mcpu=cortex-a53: Target ARM Cortex-A53 processor

-Wall -O2: Warnings enabled, optimization level 2

Linker Configuration

The linker.ld script defines:

Code placement in memory

Stack location

Heap boundaries (heap_start and heap_end symbols)

Testing Examples

Basic Allocation Test

> alloc 64
Allocated 64 bytes at address: 0x40081018

> alloc 128
Allocated 128 bytes at address: 0x40081068

> info
Memory Allocator Info:
  Total heap size: 1048552 bytes
  Total allocated: 192 bytes
  Total free: 1048360 bytes

Fragmentation Test

> alloc 100
> alloc 200
> free 0x40081018  # Free the first block
> alloc 50         # Should reuse the freed space
> info             # Check memory layout

Error Handling Test

> free 0x40081018
> free 0x40081018  # Try to free the same address again
Error: Double free detected

Development

Adding New Features

New Commands: Add cases to the command parser in kernel.c

Allocator Features: Extend functions in allocator.c

I/O Functions: Add UART utilities in uart.c

Debugging

Use info command to inspect memory state

UART output provides real-time feedback

QEMU monitor commands available with Ctrl+A, C

Performance Characteristics

Time Complexity

Allocation: O(n) where n is the number of blocks

Deallocation: O(1) for marking free, O(1) for simple coalescing

Memory info: O(n) for traversing all blocks

Space Complexity

Overhead: sizeof(block_header_t) bytes per allocated block

Alignment: Up to 7 bytes padding per allocation

Fragmentation: Minimal due to coalescing strategy

Limitations

Single-threaded: No concurrency support

No advanced coalescing: Only merges with next block

Fixed heap size: 1MB heap defined at compile time

No garbage collection: Manual memory management only

Contributing

Fork the repository

Create a feature branch

Test changes in QEMU

Submit a pull request

License

This project is provided as educational material for understanding bare-metal systems programming and memory management.

Built for ARM64 bare-metal systems • Tested on QEMU ARM64 emulation

Like this project

Completed work

Posted Oct 24, 2025

Developed a custom memory allocator for ARM64 bare-metal systems with UART and shell.

Likes

Views

ARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator Development

rushi kesh

Completed work

Software Engineer

Linux

Electronics

ARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator

A custom memory allocator implementation for ARM64 bare-metal systems, featuring a minimal operating system kernel with UART communication and interactive shell.

Overview

This project implements a complete bare-metal system that includes:

Custom Memory Allocator: A heap-based memory management system with block splitting and coalescing

ARM64 Kernel: Minimal kernel that boots on ARM64 hardware/emulation

UART Communication: Serial communication for input/output

Interactive Shell: Command-line interface for testing the allocator

Linker Script: Custom memory layout for bare-metal execution

Features

Memory Allocator

Dynamic allocation: malloc-like functionality with my_malloc()

Memory deallocation: free-like functionality with my_free()

Block splitting: Efficiently splits large blocks when allocating smaller sizes

Block coalescing: Merges adjacent free blocks to prevent fragmentation

Alignment: All allocations are aligned to 8-byte boundaries

Debug information: Real-time memory statistics and block visualization

System Features

Bare-metal kernel: No operating system dependencies

UART I/O: Full serial communication stack

Interactive shell: Real-time testing environment

Memory safety: Double-free detection and error handling

Project Structure

my_allocator/
├── allocator.c      # Memory allocator implementation
├── allocator.h      # Allocator header and interface
├── boot.S          # ARM64 assembly boot code
├── kernel.c        # Main kernel and shell implementation
├── uart.c          # UART driver implementation
├── uart.h          # UART driver header
├── linker.ld       # Linker script for memory layout
├── Makefile        # Build configuration
└── README.md       # This file

Prerequisites

macOS

# Install ARM64 cross-compilation toolchain
brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded

# Install QEMU emulator
brew install qemu

Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)

# Install ARM64 cross-compilation toolchain
sudo apt-get install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu

# Install QEMU
sudo apt-get install qemu-system-arm

Building and Running

Build the Kernel

# Clean previous builds
make clean

# Compile the kernel
make

# This creates kernel8.img - the bootable kernel image

Run in QEMU

# Run the kernel in ARM64 emulation
make run

# Alternative: Run QEMU directly
qemu-system-aarch64 -M virt -cpu cortex-a53 -nographic -kernel kernel8.img

Exit QEMU

To exit the emulator, press: Ctrl+A then X

Usage

Once the kernel boots, you'll see:

===================================
ARM64 Bare Metal Memory Allocator
===================================

Memory allocator initialized
Heap start: 0x40081000
Heap end: 0x40181000
Total heap size: 1048552 bytes

Shell ready. Available commands:
  alloc <size> - Allocate memory of <size> bytes
  free <addr> - Free memory at address <addr>
  info - Display memory allocator information
  help - Display this help message

>

Available Commands

alloc <size>

Allocates memory of the specified size in bytes.

> alloc 100
Allocated 100 bytes at address: 0x40081018

free <address>

Frees memory at the specified hexadecimal address.

> free 0x40081018
Memory freed at address: 0x40081018

info

Displays detailed memory allocator statistics and block information.

> info
Memory Allocator Info:
  Total heap size: 1048552 bytes
  Total allocated: 100 bytes
  Total free: 1048452 bytes
Memory blocks:
  Block 0: Address=0x40081000, Size=100, Status=USED
  Block 1: Address=0x40081080, Size=1048452, Status=FREE

help

Shows all available commands and their usage.

Memory Management Details

Allocation Algorithm

Size Alignment: All allocations are aligned to 8-byte boundaries

First Fit: Searches for the first free block large enough

Block Splitting: Splits blocks when they're significantly larger than needed

Metadata: Each allocated block has a header containing size and status information

Deallocation Algorithm

Validation: Checks for double-free attempts

Status Update: Marks block as free and updates statistics

Coalescing: Merges with adjacent free blocks to reduce fragmentation

Memory Layout

Heap Memory Layout:
[Block Header][User Data][Block Header][User Data]...

Block Header Structure:
- size: Size of the user data area
- is_free: 1 if free, 0 if allocated
- next: Pointer to next block

Technical Details

Architecture

Target: ARM64 (AArch64) Cortex-A53

Memory Model: 1MB heap starting at 0x40081000

Alignment: 8-byte alignment for all allocations

Endianness: Little-endian

Compilation Flags

-ffreestanding: Bare-metal compilation

-nostdinc -nostdlib -nostartfiles: No standard library dependencies

-mcpu=cortex-a53: Target ARM Cortex-A53 processor

-Wall -O2: Warnings enabled, optimization level 2

Linker Configuration

The linker.ld script defines:

Code placement in memory

Stack location

Heap boundaries (heap_start and heap_end symbols)

Testing Examples

Basic Allocation Test

> alloc 64
Allocated 64 bytes at address: 0x40081018

> alloc 128
Allocated 128 bytes at address: 0x40081068

> info
Memory Allocator Info:
  Total heap size: 1048552 bytes
  Total allocated: 192 bytes
  Total free: 1048360 bytes

Fragmentation Test

> alloc 100
> alloc 200
> free 0x40081018  # Free the first block
> alloc 50         # Should reuse the freed space
> info             # Check memory layout

Error Handling Test

> free 0x40081018
> free 0x40081018  # Try to free the same address again
Error: Double free detected

Development

Adding New Features

New Commands: Add cases to the command parser in kernel.c

Allocator Features: Extend functions in allocator.c

I/O Functions: Add UART utilities in uart.c

Debugging

Use info command to inspect memory state

UART output provides real-time feedback

QEMU monitor commands available with Ctrl+A, C

Performance Characteristics

Time Complexity

Allocation: O(n) where n is the number of blocks

Deallocation: O(1) for marking free, O(1) for simple coalescing

Memory info: O(n) for traversing all blocks

Space Complexity

Overhead: sizeof(block_header_t) bytes per allocated block

Alignment: Up to 7 bytes padding per allocation

Fragmentation: Minimal due to coalescing strategy

Limitations

Single-threaded: No concurrency support

No advanced coalescing: Only merges with next block

Fixed heap size: 1MB heap defined at compile time

No garbage collection: Manual memory management only

Contributing

Fork the repository

Create a feature branch

Test changes in QEMU

Submit a pull request

License

This project is provided as educational material for understanding bare-metal systems programming and memory management.

Built for ARM64 bare-metal systems • Tested on QEMU ARM64 emulation

Like this project

Completed work

Posted Oct 24, 2025

Developed a custom memory allocator for ARM64 bare-metal systems with UART and shell.

Likes

Views