And yet researchers have spent two decades proving that identical information produces wildly different error rates depending on how it's laid out. After the 2000 election, the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project started measuring something nobody had bothered to measure before: how many people's ballots registered no valid vote in a race they clearly meant to vote in. Line spacing, candidate order, a checkbox instead of filling in an oval, each one moved that number on its own, with the actual content held constant.