1. Test Case Design: Manual testers create test cases based on the requirements and design documents of the software application. These test cases outline the steps to be followed, expected results, and any specific conditions or data inputs required for testing.

2. Test Execution: Testers execute the test cases manually, following the predefined steps and recording the actual results. They verify that the application behaves as expected and identify any deviations or issues.

3. Functional Testing: Manual testing includes functional testing to ensure that the software functions correctly according to the specified requirements. Testers validate individual features, user interfaces, data inputs, outputs, and system interactions to verify that the application behaves as intended.

4. Usability Testing: Manual testers evaluate the user-friendliness and overall user experience of the application. They assess factors such as the layout, navigation, responsiveness, and accessibility to determine how well the software meets user expectations.

5. Regression Testing: Manual testing involves performing regression testing, which ensures that new changes or updates to the software do not introduce any unintended side effects or issues. Testers retest previously working features to confirm that they are still functioning correctly after modifications.

6. Ad-hoc Testing: Testers may also perform ad-hoc testing, which involves exploring the application without predefined test cases. This approach helps uncover any unexpected issues, usability problems, or vulnerabilities that may not be covered by formal test cases.

7. Defect Reporting: Testers document any defects or issues discovered during testing. They provide detailed information about the problem, steps to reproduce it, and relevant screenshots or logs. This information is then communicated to the development team for further investigation and resolution.

8. Test Documentation: Manual testing includes creating test plans, test scenarios, and test reports to document the testing process and results. These documents serve as references for future testing and provide a comprehensive overview of the testing efforts.

9. Communication and Collaboration: Manual testers often work closely with developers, business analysts, and other stakeholders to ensure a shared understanding of requirements and to discuss any issues or concerns that arise during testing. Effective communication and collaboration are essential for successful manual testing.